![]() This development is explored after the evaluation of material on individuals and organizations.Ī final introductory point is on the differences, if any, between “suicide” attacks within the context of a national or ethnic conflict, as with the Palestinians or the now-defeated Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, and transnational “suicide” missions such as those conducted by al-Qaeda, its affiliates and supporters, and IS. This close relationship between individuals and organizations has, of late, shifted with the appearance of networks and what are termed “self-starter” cells guided by the ideology of al-Qaeda and/or the Islamic State (IS). It is this fact that leads some writers to identify organizations as the most crucial element. Obviously, the two are intertwined they are in a symbiotic relationship, and, until recently, few attacks occurred without organizational support. Some scholars argue that organizations are more important, while others, even as they acknowledge the importance of organizations, believe that a focus on the individuals themselves is relevant. Rather than attempt to note the contributions of each and every author, where there are points of agreement among many writers, they are identified, and where there are points of disagreement or uncertainty, those, too, are acknowledged. The reader should come away with a good sense of the status of research in this field. Instead, this review represents a concerted effort to provide a good “sample” of works judged to be mainstream approaches, along with those considered provocative and/or challenging. By no means can all such studies be covered in one article. In undertaking this review, a substantial number of English-language studies have been examined and analyzed. A presentation of Moghadam’s work on global jihadism rounds out this final section before a general “summing up” of where we are today, which includes suggestions for possible areas of theoretical advancement. There follows an evaluation of the works of Hafez and Singh. The issue of the community and popular support is addressed in the context of a discussion of organizations. In this review and analysis, studies will be grouped into categories of the individual and the organization. ![]() ![]() Reference Hafez5, Reference Hafez6, Reference Singh7, Reference Moghadam8 Then there are those scholars, such as Mohammed Hafez, Rashmi Singh, and Assaf Moghadam, who have tried to develop a comprehensive framework that encompasses multiple levels and causes. Three key questions informed her discussion: “why sponsoring organizations would see suicide attacks as effective, why a community would support them, and why individuals would engage in them.” Reference Crenshaw4 These questions identify three categories into which most studies fall: the individual bombers or “martyrs” themselves, the organizations that send them, and the larger community or society in the name of which these individuals and/or organizations act. Reference Horgan1, Reference Silke2, Reference Victoroff3 In recent years, Martha Crenshaw took on the task of a critique of 13 books on the phenomenon of suicide attacks. For example, there have been several efforts to review research undertaken on the mental health and motivations of the individuals themselves. Over the years there have been authors who have tackled a review and analysis of some aspects of “suicide” bombing or “martyrdom” operations.
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